Stereotyping in Marketing Good or Bad - 1413 Words

Stereotyping in Marketing: Good or Bad? It s Monday morning at a well-to-do marketing company. You have an 11:00am meeting to interview a potential buyer for an Asian product line. It is now Ten-thirty. Your potential client s flight arrives into Metro Airport. Prior to their arrival to your office you douse the air with a light sent of orange. The meeting goes as expected, very well. Instead of a hand shake you bow to the group. You and the team leader exchange business cards. You ask for his cell phone number. Before jotting it down you grab a yellow sticky note to write the number on, you know not to write it directly onto the card. How did you know that it is a proven marketing fact that Asians love the scent of orange? Or†¦show more content†¦With the increase in online shopping, retailers have stereotyped the women that indeed are stay-at-home moms as women that can not afford to take the time out of their busy days to run to the mall or similar places. They have decided to target these women as their p rominent customer base by launching ads and tag lines that seem to center around the mom that stays home and takes care of the family and emphasizing the convience of online shopping. The online retail site www.Overstock.com has presented many of its advertisement ventures as being attractive or desirable to women through showcasing their many stereotypically feminine products including jewelry, designer cloths and more via one of their commercials which includes an attractive women dressed in all white, walking through an outdoor mall, window shopping the many deals available at the online outlet store at lower than wholesale prices. Many of the online stores today are attempting to sell not only their goods, but a sense of convenience and security. With the many credit card scams that have appeared in the media, these advertisers have acknowledged the publics fear and have responded with a multitude of online security software and secure and convenient options to ease the publics worries about online shopping and the security of their identity and purchases. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Business Brand1367 Words   |  6 Pagessymbol of representation from leadership straight to its employees. In marketing, problems will arise. It is up to the individuals or parties involved to decide how they will act or react when the problem faces them or the business. An individual with strong ethical background will sense when something is not right and seek the best ways to deal with an issue. While an individual with a shallow ethical background may make bad decisions and end up paying the price for it in the long-run. This theoryRead MoreEthical Issues With Ethical Marketing Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesIssues with Ethical Marketing Ethical problems in marketing starts with conflicts and disagreements. Each party in the marketing transaction brings expectations of how the business relationship will exist and how the transaction should be conducted. Some ethical problems in marketing research aren’t always the invasion of privacy and stereotyping. Selective marketing is used to discourage the demand from undesirable markets or just by disenfranchising them altogether. Examples of unethical marketRead MoreMedia Representation in Lgbt1343 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular segment of our world (LGBT). Stereotyping people can be harmful and have long lasting effects on us as a society, â€Å"It can transform slight assumptions on people and make them perceived realities† (Meem, Mitchellamp; Jonathan 2010). Such stereotypes are capable of perpetuating inequality and social prejudice in society. However, it is imperative to note that stereotyping through the media is sometimes inevitable. In the case of television, stereotyping occurs through advertisements, newsRead MoreBusiness Ethics And The Ethical Issues1461 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness ethics and the ethical issues in marketing Moral principles that guide the way a business behaves are known as business ethics. However this term has a broader definition. As the word ethics can pose many definitions in a broad context and it can be challenging to find a common understanding of the term, hence, most companies denote the concept of the term ethics as responsible business conduct, business practices or integrity. Business ethics offers a tool for conducting business more effectivelyRead MoreThe Lewis Model By Richard Lewis862 Words   |  4 Pagesvalue assumptions, notions and persistent action patterns. 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Millennials is the generation that has been actively interacting with the immense increase ofRead MoreMarketing Ethics Assignment : Calvin Klein1392 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Ethics Assignment My first article that I ran into for my research on a business with ethical issues is the famous clothing line Calvin Klein. Calvin Klein is well known to have a fashion line of high quality clothes for men and women. The reason why I think his practice is unethical is because they are using sexually act and messages in ads to promote their brand of clothes. According to Armstrong, Kotler, â€Å"marketing system uses cultural pollution in commercials to interrupt people sRead MoreSocial Media As A Marketing Tool1602 Words   |  7 Pagessocial networking has become an important aspect of everyday life for individuals—and businesses. Like most marketing activities, social media marketing poses some risk. However, it is advantageous for businesses to exploit this opportunity, and develop an effective and ethical marketing strategy that includes using social media as a marketing tool. Discussion What is Social Media Marketing? Businesses use platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook as a modern tool to share information withRead MoreThe Different Methods Of Communication1073 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs, value assumptions, notions and persistent action patterns. In other words, culture is a collective programming of the mind, that distinguishes the members of one human group from another (Lewis).† However, there is an inherent danger of stereotyping associated with each of these cultural models. As Lewis wrote, Determining national characteristics is treading a minefield of inaccurate assessment and surprising exception.† There is, however, such a thing as a national norm (Lewis). TheRead MoreEthical Reasoning And Action Paper Essay2058 Words   |  9 Pagesof Marketing Ethics Ethics are in existence for a reason, regardless of the profession or businesses involved, one needs to have some guidelines when entering the arena in challenging how a business should advertise to consumers. The following definition is one that individuals can refer to on a daily basis, when faced with conflicts; â€Å"Marketing ethics is the area of applied ethics which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Some areas of marketing ethics

The King Of Ancient Greek Kingdom Of Macedon Alexander The...

From the king of Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon Alexander the Great, Through every generation of the human race there has been a constant war, a war with fear. Those who have the courage to conquer it are made free and those who are conquered by it are made to suffer until they have the courage to defeat it, or death takes them. Alexander the Great was born in Pella on July 20, 356 B.C. His parents were king Philip II of Macedon and Queen Olympia, daughter of King Neoptolemus. He was raised in Pella s royal court and spent much of his childhood learning to be a leader. Most of the time his father was busy engaged in military campaigns and he hardly ever saw him. His mother served a powerful role for him and had encouraged him to believe that he was a descendant of heroes. He was tutored by legendary Greek philosopher Aristotle in 343 B.C. which was hired by his father the king Philip II in the Temple of the Nymphs at Meiza. Aristotle taught him philosophy, drama, politics, poetry and science over the course of three years. During the process of learning he developed his dream of becoming a warrior. After one year completed his education at Meiza in 340 B.C he became a soldier. When he reached the age of 16 his father was absence to led an army into Thrace and left him in charge of ruling Macedonia. After his father assassination in 336 B.C. he took the throne and gained support from the army. He was 19 years old when his father die and he inherited a strongShow MoreRelatedAlexander The Second Of Macedon Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander the Third of Macedon, commonly referred to as Alexander the Great, was king of the Ancient Macedon a Greek kingdom upon his father s death in 336 BCE. Alexander was born the son of King Philip of Macedon in the Greek city of Pella in 356 BCE. He succeeded his father and took reins of Macedon at age twenty. Alexander spent a large majority of his ruling years on an military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa. By 326 BCE at the age of thirty he lead one of the largest empires ofRead MoreAlexander the Great is known as one of the most significant and most influential historical figures1000 Words   |  4 Pag esAlexander the Great is known as one of the most significant and most influential historical figures of all time. Alexander the Great accomplished more than any other known military figure in ancient history, by conquering the entire Persian Empire and extending his own empire into India, he was without a doubt the most successful military figure in ancient history. There has never been a military leader that has accomplished so much, in only approximately 32 years. Alexander II of Macedon wasRead MoreAlexander The Great : Why Is Alexander Considered Great?1669 Words   |  7 PagesALEXANDER THE GREAT Why is alexander considered great? Alexander III of Macedon or commonly known as Alexander the Great was the conqueror and king of the Persian Empire which is the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He was born on the 20/21st July 356 BC in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia. While in reign from 336 to 323 B.C, he united the Greek city-states and led the Corinthian League. He also became the king of Persia, Babylon and Asia as well as created Macedonian colonies in the regionRead MoreAlexander Was A Great King978 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander was a great king. Not only was he known as Alexander the Great, but he was also known as a classical leader,and many other things. Since he was young he was taught by a very intelligent philosopher, Aristotle. He learned so many things that later in life helped him to become a strong leader. Alexander will always be remembered for the great leader he was. Alexander was born on July 20 or 21, 356 BC, In Pella, Macedon. He was the son of Philip II of Macedon and Olympias of Epirus.Read MoreAlexander The Great Of Alexander IIi Of Macedon1119 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander The Great Alexander III of Macedon Riding Bucephalus Into Battle Alexander III of Macedon or Alexander The Great was born on 20/21 July 356 BC in Pella, Macedon. He was the son of the king of Macedon. Alexander was many things, he was a prince, a king, a general, and much more. Alexander’s father was the King of Macedon, Philip II and his mother was his father’s fourth wife, Olympias, she was the daughter of Neoptolemus I, the king of Epirus. When Alexander was very young he was raisedRead MoreWhat Made Alexander of Macedon Known as Alexander the Great?1114 Words   |  5 PagesWhy Alexander of Macedon is called â€Å"Alexander the great† and most successfully man in conquering the world known kingdoms? The answer is easy forward. Even though today after twenty-three centuries no man has accomplished like Alexander did. Alexander the Great, the king of Macedonia is one of the greatest military Intelligence of all times. Alexander was born in 356 BC in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia. He was son of Philip, King of Macedonia, and Olympias, the princess of neighboring EpirusRead MoreEssay on Alexander The Great1620 Words   |  7 Pages Few historical figures stand out in the same degree as that of Alexander the Great. He was a warrior by 16, a commander at age 18, and was crowned King of Macedon by the time he was 20 years old. He did things in his lifetime that others could only dream about. Alexander single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in just over a decade. There were many attributes that made Alexander â€Å"Great.† He was a brilliant strategist and an inspired leader; he led by example and was a conquerorRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pageshonorable way in the Greek society in the fourth century B.C? This statue is of a man named Alexander III of Macedon or more commonly known as, Alexander the Great. His father, King Phillip II, took the throne of Macedonia in 359 B.C.E and was able to turn Macedonia into the strongest military power in the entire Greek world. Macedonia was a state in the north eastern region of Greece. Alexander III of Macedon was bor n in 356 B.C.E in Pella; the ancient capital of Macedonia, Alexander grew up in the shadowRead MoreSources Of Information About Alexander The Great1599 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander the great 1. Evaluate the ancient writers as sources of information about alexander the great Alexander the Great was born in the Pella region of Macedonia on July 20, 356 B.C., to parents King Philip of Macedon and Queen Olympia. Alexander the great served as the king of Macedonia from 336 to 323 BC. During his time leadership he united Greece reestablished the Corinthian league and conquered the Persian Empire, alexander was known as a conqueror during his time at the helm. He also becameRead MoreGreek Vs. Hellenistic Civilization1067 Words   |  5 Pages In western ancient world, there were kings who tried to bring the world come together ideologically, culturally and politically. This caused lots of cultural exchange between people and help them understand and respect each other’s ways of life. On the other hand, politically, it created a lot of major wars. It took a large amount of resources and decades to end these wars. As a result of these wars, most kingdoms suffered from both economical and political problems. Therefore, it is fair to say

Cypop 2 Free Essays

Positive relationships and communication Cyp3. 6 1. 1 Explain the importance of multi-agency working and integrated working The importance of multi-agency working and integrated working is that children in their early years may have a range of needs, so the way we work together with a wide range of different professionals can have a positive impact on children’s health, development and learning as we can make sure all information is passed on effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Cypop 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Multi agency working is important because it brings together practitioners from different areas of work to provide an integrated way of working to support children and their families. This ensures that children and young people who need additional support have the right professionals to support and help them as soon as they need the support and help. Integrated working is important as its main purpose is to focus on encouraging and allowing professionals to work together to deliver positive outcomes for each individual child. Integrated working allows things such as early intervention which means that agencies are able to intervene early into a situation before it worsens and hinders a child’s development. CYP3. 6 1. 2 Analyse how integrated working practices and multi-agency working in partnership deliver better outcomes for children Better outcomes for children and young people There are many outcomes for children that will be positive if the professionals working with the children and their families can share and agree upon the way they might assess, plan and implement for the child. Both the children and their parents can be involved in any plans to ensure that a child can achieve their potential. If the outcomes for any child are to be positive it is important that all adults involved understand what information can be shared and the importance of confidentiality. How to cite Cypop 2, Essay examples

How American Art in School Influenced Students Essay Example For Students

How American Art in School Influenced Students Essay One of the many amazing pieces of art that decorates the SPSCC campus is Proscenium Flowers by artists Jean Whitesavange and Nick Lyle. This piece is made up of five large steel flowers. It is intended to be aesthetically pleasing and bring artistry to an otherwise empty space. The artists, Jean Whitesavage and Nick Lyle, have been creating together since 1991, when they both moved to Seattle. Their current studio is in Whidbey Island, Washington. Whitesavage studied painting as well as steel and bronze sculpting at a few universities, including one in Rome. Lyle, on the other hand, majored in Arts in the History of Ideas before working in a number of crafts, including cabinetmaking, glass blowing, sculpting, and many others. Together they are best known for making magnificent sculptures and drawings of nature. They have over twenty-five public art pieces displayed around Washington State and others around the United States. Both are well known around the country and are often commissioned to create new works by organizations and cities. All of their works, regardless of medium, are of flowers, vines, trees, and leaves. The majority of their works are made of steel and these sculptures are what they’re most famous for. Both Whitesavage and Lyle do independent works for small and/or private projects but their fantastic public displays show what a great team they make. Their piece, Proscenium Flowers, is made up of five parts hanging in the lobby of the Minneart Center for the Arts. Each part is a different flower. All of these flowers are extremely large, about five feet in length, width, and height. The first flower, located above the beginning of the lobby stairs, is the only full flower with a stem. The flower is light yellow on the outside but a striking red on the inside of the petals and there’s a bright white center inside. The shape is interesting because there is what looks like five spikes with rounded ends on one side then five small petals pointing outwards on the other side. There’s also a bright spring green stem attached to the flower with three full leaves branching out from the bottom of the long stem. Almost an exact copy of the top of the first part is the second part. This second flower has no stem but looks the same as the flower atop the first one. The only differences are that the second one is much larger and instead of a full yellow outside, the five rounded spikes are the same striking red at the inner petals. Hanging by the second floor landing of the lobby is the third flower. This flower is dark blue in color and looks like a daffodil. The petals seem well bloomed as they hang from the center of the flower. The leaves are long and narrow, sprouting from beneath the petals. The best view of this flower is from the second floor landing because it puts you right next to the piece and allows one to see the beautiful center as well. The fourth flower in this collection is the closest to the ceiling. It hangs up high and between the second and third flower. From the first floor this looks exactly the same as the third flower. It color is a lighter blue and overall size looks a bit smaller, but the shape of the flower matches that of the other blue flower. The difference between this flower and its look alike is only visible from the perfect angle on the second floor landing. From there it is clear that this flower is more like an iris than a daffodil. The way the petals fold out from the center shows how different these two flowers are. .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 , .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 .postImageUrl , .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 , .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83:hover , .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83:visited , .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83:active { border:0!important; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83:active , .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83 .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3ba28cac31f19d020d44f72d433a3f83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adventure and Delight - My Big Thrill EssayLast but not least is the fifth part of this large and gorgeous piece. This part has no flower but rather leaves. It hangs in the far right corner of the lobby and catches the eye with its lovely green color. Overall this part is rather flat with three braches meeting in the middle and three little leaves attached to each branch. Both the shape and color match that of the leaves connected to stem of the first flower. It seems that parts one, two, and five are all connected. Part one is the whole while parts two and five highlight the first. These beautiful flowers are simply that, beautiful. The point of this piece isn’t to inspire deep thought of the intricate meanings that it represents but to bring beauty to a room. This piece is simply fun and nice to look at. Whitesavage and Lyle created the flowers because they enjoy making art out of steel. It was then placed in the art center so that others could enjoy the flowers’ charm. Proscenium Flowers is a rather literal name for this piece. The proscenium is the part of a theatre’s stage directly in front of the curtain. This piece is located at the front of the arts building right before the theatre. Though the flowers are not directly in front of the stage, they are in the waiting area before it, which is why they were named so. Jean Whitesavage and Nick Lyle’s piece, Proscenium Flowers, brings color and grace to the lobby of the Minneart Center for the Arts. It doesn’t contain the symbolism that the pieces in the Gallery next to it do, but it doesn’t need it. This piece is there to beautify the space and give the patrons waiting outside of the theatre a nice view. The immense amount of detail in each large flower makes it so that a person could spend hours looking at them from different angles and still have more to see.

Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America Essay Example

Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America? Essay Introduction Singapore and the United States are both first world countries pioneering in advancement as compared to the nations around them. They serve as an emblazonment of prosperity that has been ensured by firm and successful leadership. However, unlike USA, the leading front of Singapore has not changed since its independence. The People’s Action Party has brought its nation into the 21st century without being displaced. The United States, though, has remained torn apart between the Democrats and the Republicans. What then did the PAP have that neither of these strong political parties in the most powerful country of the world, did not? Use of Fear A main weapon in favour of the PAP has been fear. It is not PAP which has created these fears but rather a common misconception of the Singaporean people themselves. In a Strait Times interview with MM Lee when the concern of voting against PAP was raised he clarified that the PAP will have no knowledge on who casts a vote against them and that people themselves are creating this illusion. 1 Yet, this fear though not a political tactic by the PAP, does serve as a political advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fear surfaces in the case of raising voices against the PAP too. Any comment going against the PAP has a high probability in a lawsuit against the critic. In the highly liberal state of the United States, people are fearless enough to publicly make mocking videos and insulting publicity against the government. 2 It is hence proven that the minimising of critics lead to the retention of power. This is what the PAP has managed but the parties in USA have failed. Influence of the Education System The education system in Singapore has been groomed in a way to enable PAP to hold their eternal positions. Students from their primary level of education are nurtured in a highly disciplined manner with them barely being given chances to speak. Many a time, when children are caught talking they are reprimanded and the message is ingrained in them that voicing out has a negative consequence. The United States believes in a more liberal system of educating their young in their nation via more interaction and openness. Such liberty has its social drawback as it tends to disorganisation. However as Lord Acton once said, â€Å"Liberty is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end. †3 Suppression of the Oppositions The suppression of the Opposition is another factor that assists the PAP in retaining its held power. The PAP has many modes of destabilizing its opposition. The judicial system of Singapore has a bias that acts to the benefit of the PAP. Singapore’s former solicitor-general, Francis Seow said â€Å"†¦ the Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew uses the courts as a legal weapon to intimidate, bankrupt or cripple the political opposition †¦ in numerous legal suits against dissidents and detractors for alleged defamation in Singapore courts, and has won them all. †4 Hence the element of fear shows itself to be victorious. Such mode of politics can barely be used in the United States due to the fact that its judicial system is not controlled by the government. Financially destabilising a political opponent prevented them from running successfully with funds in an election is another tactic employed by the PAP. Pushing many political opponents into bankruptcy using law suits has enabled the PAP to eradicate majority of them. These are all the PAP law suits till 1996 (all of which have been successful): 5 Year Sued by Sued Amount 1979 Lee Kuan Yew Jeyaretnam S$ 130,000 1988 Lee Kuan Yew Seow Khee Leng S$ 250,000 1989 Lee Kuan Yew Jeyaretnam S$ 230,000 989 Lee Kuan Yew FEER S$ 230,000 1900 Lee Kuan Yew Jeyaretnam S$ 260,000 1991 Lee Kuan Yew Quek Teow Chuan S$ 200,000 1994 LKY, GCT, LHL IHT S$ 650,000 1994 Lee Kuan Yew IHT S$ 400,000 1994 Ernest Chew Chee Soon Juan S$ 75,000 1994 Ow Soh Leng Chee Soon Juan S$ 30,000 1994 Dr S. Vasoo Chee Soon Juan S$ 210,000 1994 Chiam See Tong Xin Zhang Jiang Restaurant S$ 50,000 1995 Lee Kuan Yew Vincour Ors S$ 300,000 1995 Goh Chok Tong Vincour Ors S$ 300,000 1996 LKY + Lee Hsien Long Tang Liang Hong S$ 1,050,000 However the one law-suit by Mr Jeyeratnam on PM Goh Chok Tong in 1987 automatically failed. These evidences hence justify the claim by J. B. Jeyaretnam and Chee Soon Juan that Singapore courts favour the PAP government at the expense of Justice. In Singapore, the amount that has to be paid as election deposit has risen over the decades hitting S$13,500 in 2006. 6 If the opposition do not at least 8% of the vote, the deposit will be consumed. This restrains new entries from oppositions from taking part without certainty of 8% of votes resulting in the loss of money. A Clean and Optimistic Historical Record The main edge PAP holds politically is its historical record which totally justifies their right to rule. It was under PAP Singapore morphed from a 3rd world nation into the 1st world. The people have deep faith in PAP’s nation building and controlling tactics. Accusations of lack of freedom fall shamefully to the fact that this is the party that has made Singapore a successful nation from its post-freedom years. The many policies implemented strictly by PAP, such as the HDB racial quota, all have had positive impact. The Singaporeans are thus unable to transfer authority from a well established party to one that has never come into rule before. This fear of what may happen once a new party takes over is embedded in the Singaporean mind. In USA however, both parties have had successful runs since independence and thus both are deemed to be equally competent and reliable. Thus, party track records do play a major part in determining the voting. Currently, the Republicans are losing out in ongoing elections due to their negative track record in the Iraq War. The PAP though remains victorious as their track record cannot be compared to any other party. Whereas in the US, the constant comparison between the two fronts lead to a major split in votes. The stability of a nation is shown to by all means increase the chances of the citizens voting for the same party for rule. Trust in the Government The government in Singapore ranks among the Top 5 among the least corrupted. 7 It has gained a high level of dependency from its own people. The trust it has gained has allowed them to consecutively gain votes from the public. Various scandals have always tainted the reputation of the leaders in the United States. When MM Lee was asked by TIMES on why he sues opposition who question the efficacy of the government, he said â€Å"If you dont sue, repetition of the lies make it credible. † The PAP is thus seen to place major importance on public trust ensuring that people do not have a disarrayed view of the government. Films on political oppositions such as A Vision of Persistence on Jeyaretnam are banned. 8 MM Lee said America is ready for films like Moore’s Fahrenheit 9/11 in which they enjoyed their President being mocked and satirized. However †¦ voted for Bush in November 2004. 9 He declared that Singapore will loosen up only when it has a large number of well educated individuals to look over such political dissidence and keep faith in their government. The Democratic-Republican Party Ironically, the rule in United States could also be regarding as a mono-governance. The Democrats and Republicans before 1824 were known as the Democratic-Republican Party. 10 Their form of governance is both following the democratic ruling scheme. The only line along which both the parties differ is only regarding the outlook on certain issues. A transition in political dominance from one party would not bring about much of a change in the nation’s status. The split took place based more on personality than ideology. In Singapore, the main oppositions such as the Singapore Democratic Party and the Worker’s Party both have different ideologies compared to the PAP. This makes the voting for change of political eadership a higher risk factor in Singapore than in the United States. It can be seen that the main factor that determines the United States as a nation is the president’s personality. The president is the holder of supreme authority. The party has to support the president’s stand; such has been obvious in issues such as the War in I raq. In Singapore, the Prime Minister is the party’s man. He is forced to keep to the stance the party has kept. The voting for the same party in Singapore would command the same style of leadership which is not necessarily the case in the United States. This forces the American citizen to contemplate on who deserves their vote. The voting for the leader is not done as a show of loyalty to the party but rather as a judge of capability of the man himself. Conclusion These are the things that have lead to the advantage that PAP has in retaining its political position unlike either the Republicans or the Democrats. The means of retraining political dissidence and the citizens’ stereotypical mindset have gave the PAP an upper hand in maintaining rule over the nation. Given these conditions, any party would be able to preserve its control over the people. The absence of these factors and the presence of others have lead to the failure of any of the major political parties in USA to retain power in the long run. Word Count: 1488 Citations and References (1) Strait Times Singapore (April 13, 2006), http://waynesoon. blogspot. com/2006/04/got-fear-or-not. html (2) http://www. salon. com/opinion/feature/2006/09/08/maher/index_np. html , http://politicalhumor. about. com/od/republicans/Republican_Jokes. htm , http://www. petitionspot. com/petitions/stopbush (3) Lord Acton, Lecture, (February 26, 1877) http://www. quotationspage. com/quote/27487. html (4) Francis T. Seow, Former Solicitor General Singapore, Speech in Sydney, Australia, Lecture (1997) (5) Table chart on Political Law Suits tabulated from information from: http://singaporerebel. blogspot. com/2007/03/singapores-libel-laws-fixing-dissidents. html (6) James Gomez (14 May 2005) http://www. jamesgomeznews. com/article. php? AID=212 (7) http://www. data360. org/graph_group. aspx? Graph_Group_Id=478 (8) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore (9) MM Lee’s Interview to Times: December 06,2005: http://www. time. com/time/asia/covers/501051212/lky_intvu5. html (10) http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(United_States) References and Bibliography Books: 1. Diane K Mauzy, (2002), Singapore Politics Under the Peoples Action Party, Routledge Publishers 2. G. William Domhoff, (1983), Who rules America now, Touchstone Books New York, pp 15-37 3. Kevin Phillip, (1993), Democrats, Republicans, and the Decline of Middle-Class Prosperity, Random House, pp. 3 36 4. Jacob S. Hacker, (2005), The Republican revolution and the Erosion of American democracy, Off Center Report 5. World Bank, World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People, Washington: Websites 6. Anon. (2006) Fear: PAP’s most powerful weapon http://singaporeelection. blogspot. com/2006/05/fear-paps-most-powerful-weapon. html 7. Channel News Asia, 23rd April 2006, SM Goh on why PAP jealousy guards its integrity, http://www. pap. org. sg/articleview. php? id=713mode=cid=23 8. Amy Sullivan, 2nd October 2006, Why are Democrats loosing the culture war? http://blogs. usatoday. com/oped/2006/10/post_44. html 9. Martyn See, (2007), Former political Prisoner Said Zahari to launch book http://singaporerebel. blogspot. com/2007/06/former-political-prisoner-said-zahari. html 10. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders

Contrast Horses essays

Contrast Horses essays Horses have been an important and influential part of North American and European history. In his book, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, Alfred W. Crosby argues that horses helped to bring about European's successful colonization of a number of temperate regions such as North America, Australia, New Zealand, and some parts of South America. He argues that the profound success of horses in these regions resulted from the filling of an empty biological niche, and that the arrival of horses on the plains in North America resulted in profound changes in the lives of North American Indians. In his article, The Rise and Fall of Plains Indian Horse Cultures, Pekka Hmlinen argues that the common view that horses brought success to Native Americans is fundamentally oversimplified. He suggests that the common focus on only the successful incorporation of horses by the Lakota people has distorted modern understanding of plains history, and obscures the damaging impact of the arrival of horses on native American culture and ecology. In Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, Crosby argues biology played a large part in the fact that Europeans displaced the native people of many temperate zones in the world (including North America, New Zealand, temperate South America and Australia). While the success of European imperialism is commonly thought to stem from military might, and advanced technologies, it can be better explained by other factors, notes Crosby. Essentially, Crosby argues that the native biology of these conquered temperate places (including humans) was not equipped to deal with European invaders. European diseases like smallpox decimated native populations, and European weeds and agriculture brought large scale Overall, the animals, weeds, and diseases that Europeans brought to the New Wor...

Analytical Report on Business Organization Essay Example for Free

Analytical Report on Business Organization Essay Diamond  Stars  Group  of  companies      From:      CEO   Myanmar  Imperial  Clinic  (MIC)      Date:      Subject:                                                      04th  April,  2013   Analytical  Report  on  Business  Organization    Executive  Summary   In  early  2009,  Myanmar  Imperial  Clinic  was  set  up  by  Myanmar  Medics  Co. ,  Ltd. Because  of  its   extensive   range   of   medical   services   and   accurate   diagnostic   tests   by   international   recognized   specialists  and  outstanding  clinical  staff,  it  was  famous  and  generated  profits  at  that  time. But  along   with   the   competition   of   high   investing   clinic,   lack   of   control   of   the   specialists   and   insecure   environment   of   the   staff,   the   organiza tion’s   performance   has   declined   in   2012. Therefore   the   reputation  of  the  clinic  gradually  goes  down. So  that  in  2013,  Myanmar  Medics  Co. ,Ltd. was  being   acquisition   by   Diamond   Stars   Group   of   companies   which   is   operating   in   various   industries   in   Myanmar. The  organization  will  be  reformed  by  the  encouragement  of  our  chairman. Profile   Name  Ã‚      Location         –  Myanmar  Imperial  Clinic  (MIC)     Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Hledan,  Kamaryut  Township   –  8520  sqft   –  6  stories  building     Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  40  bedded  general  health  care  centre   ? 166  employees Compound  Size  Ã‚   Building  Ã‚   Type      Size Fifth  Floor Fourth  Floor Third  Floor Second  Floor First  Floor Ground  Floor Building  Information Ground  Floor   –  Reception,  Emergency,  Pharmacy,  Lab,   Cashier First  Floor  Ã‚   –  15  Outpatient  Rooms,  Waiting  Area,   Store Second  Floor  Ã‚   –  1  Operation  Theatre,  1  Labour  Room,   10  Inpatient  Rooms  for  OG Third  Floor  Ã‚   –  20  Inpatient  Rooms  for  Medicine  &   Child Fourth  Floor  Ã‚   –  1  Operation  Theatre,  10  Surgical   Inpatient  Rooms Fifth  Floor   – Clinical  Office    Proposal  for  the  Restructure  of  the  Organization   (1)  Long  Term  Plan/Strategy      Vision:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being   a   provider   of   health   care   service   renown   for   compassion,   sympathy   and   respect   on   human  being  in  pursuit  of  own  healthy  and  well  being  state  by  applying  high  quality  tools   and   skilful   professional   in   ensuring   long   term   effectiveness,   MIC   stands   for   saving   your   money,  time  and  lives. Mission:   With   knowledge,   skill   and   passion,   we   all   do   value   and   respect   our   patients   and   clients’   desires. We  value  our  patients  as  the  way  we  value  our  professional. We  care  our  patients  as  the  way  we  do  to  our  family. We  practice  our  best  knowledge  in  our  work. Objectives:   To  increases  overall  satisfaction  rates  of  patients,  employees,  doctors  and  visitors. To  ensure  patients  receive  the  ultimate  care  and  medical  attention  to  bring  about  a  speedy   recovery. To  increase  range  of  services  for  customer  needs  and  demands. To  maintain  safe  and  hygienic  environment. To  achieve  99%  of  patient  Ã‚  feedback   To  provide  early  diagnosis  and  affective  treatment  to  all  clients  with  different  diseases. To  be  recognized  our  clinic  as  a  trusted  obstetrical  clinic  within  the  first  three  years. To  expand  our  service  in  diagnostic  and  treatment  year  by  year. To  improve  and  maintain  our  treatment  procedures  and  emergency  services (1. 1) ? (1. 2) ? ? ? ? (1. 3) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4   (2)Fundamental  Characteristics  of  Organization  Ã‚   (2. 1)  Old  Organization  Structure  versus  New  Organization  Structure   Our  organization  structure  allows  for  its  efficient  management. Here  is  the  l evel  s  of  management   and  the  activities  of  specific  departments  within  each  level. Old  Organization  Structure New  Organization  Structure 5   (2. 2)  Work  Specialization   To  achieve  competency  of  each  and  every  staff,  a  proper  and  distinctive  job  descriptions  is  vital. (2. 2. 1)  Marketing  Department  Ã‚   ? ? ? Survey  the  market  situation  and  changes  Ã‚   Analyse  the  customers’  feedback   Develop  Ã‚  marketing  strategies  and  mix (2. 2. 2)  Finance  Department   ? ? ? Manage  and  oversee  budgeting  Ã‚   Report   income   statement,   statement   of   financial   report   and   statement   of   cash   flow   to   executive  level   Manage  income  and  expenditure. (2. 2. 3)  Administrative  Department   ? ? ? ? Support  and  coordinate  the  operation  of  the  individual  department   Establish  hospital  policies  and  procedures   Perform  Ã‚  public  relations   Supervise   maintenance   service,   information   service,   housekeeping   and   transportation   services (2. 2. 4)  Human  Resources  Department   ? ? ? ? ? Perform  job  analysis,  job  description,  job  specification,  job  allocation  and  j ob  rotation   Recruitment   Training  and  development  Ã‚   Create  safety  and  pleasant  environment  Ã‚   Negotiate  with  the  visiting  specialists   HR  Planning (2. 2. 5)  Medical  Service  Department   ? ? ? ?             For   doctors   ? to   diagnose   problems,   prescribe   medicines,   be   ready   to   on   call,   to   make   regular  rounding  and  monitoring  patients   For  nurses  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  to  emphasize  on  nursing  care  Ã‚   For  lab  technicians  ? to  support  with  accurate  diagnosis  and  to  maintain  medical  laboratory  Ã‚   equipment For  Pharmacist  ? to  monitor  the  storage  and  quality  of  drug 6   (2. )  Chain  of  Command   â€Å"An  unbroken  line  of  authority  that  links  all  the  persons  in  an  organization  and  shows  who  reports   to   whom†Ã‚  (Myanmar  Imperial  College  2013,  Pre? Master  Course  of  Business  Administration,  p? 60)   In   a   clinic,   a   proper   and   clarified   chain   of   command   is   the   fundamental   requirement   to   maintain   and  precede  medical  procedures. Within  the  clinical  departments,  all  the  junior  medical  doctors  must  report  information  concerning   with   patient   to   senior   medical   doctors. These   senior   medical   doctors   have   to   report   only   the   necessary  complaints  and  patient’s  conditions  to  the  principal  medical  doctors. Master  Course  of  Business  Administration,  p. 62)   On   the   clinic   side,   the   span   of   management   of   manager   ranges   from   10   to   20   while   the   administrative  side  the  span  of  management  is  less  than  10. Our  organization  require  less  supervision  because  of   ? ? ? Daily  work  procedures  of  medical  staff  are  quite  stable,  routine  and  repetitive  (eg. History   taking  and  clinical  examination  and  monitoring,  injection)   Staffs  are  concentrated  in  single  location  (e. g. If  the  staff  suits  with  his  current  position  and   if  he  does  not  want  to  shift,  we  will  maintain  his  place) Analytical Report on Business Organization. (2018, Nov 04).

Comparison between Jamaicans and Trinidadians Essay

Comparison between Jamaicans and Trinidadians - Essay Example So, it is a fact that people from both countries look similar because they have same influences to share from the world that changed their history and future. When we talk about the culture of Trinidadians and Jamaicans, we come to know that both posses a rich blend of cultures influenced by British and Spanish who ruled them for years. The language of both Jamaicans and Trinidadians is English that is because of the influence from English and United Kingdom. Trinidadians and Jamaicans mostly belong to the Christian faith but Hindu touch can be seen in the Trinidadians because of the Indians coming from far east countries (Culture of Trinidad and Tobago, 2012). The cultural traits do differ in some aspects from each other but mostly they are similar. Both have ethnic and religious effects from diverse groups that keep on invading the two islands for several years. The love for dance, music and theatre in Jamaicans and Trinidadians are the same although the way they perform these acti vities may differ. Both identities seem to have great influence from Europeans who came outside the island to attack. That’s why they are similar in their habits and day to day affairs. When we talk about the similarity of culture between Jamaican and Trinidadians, we come to know that both people celebrate different festivals not only those of Christian origin but of Hindus and Muslims too. Dance, theatre, literature and writing all have been important part of Jamaica and Trinidad. Folk dance has association for both countries from colonial times and has fame all over the world due to the unique styles. Theatre is growing in importance too in both countries and both cultures show great interests in performing arts. When one talks about the Trinidadian literary work, Nobel  laureates Sir  Vidia Naipaul and Michael Anthony are the known poets in Trinida history. Derek Walcott, a  Nobel prize  laureate born in St. Lucia and studied in Jamaica shows the great interest of both countries in the field of writing and prove that how both countries are so close to each other in literary terms and they share a lot of similarities in different fields (Culture of Jamaica, 2012). It is not the cultural values and tradition that make these two nationals similar to each other despite many differences but it is also the sports that bring them together for sharing a common identity. Sports have always been a national identity of every country and all nations have a national game to differentiate them from each others. Jamaicans and Trinidadians both do not own a national game as both has been under the influence or British, European and Spanish for a while and the sports they play are also influenced. The most common games in Trinidadian and Jamaican countries are cricket. It is most probably influenced by English people who ruled both islands for years (Sport in Jamaica, 2012). Football and Rugby are recently growing sports in both countries that they love to p lay. Trinidadians also play hockey, golf, marathon and volleyball (Trinidad Sports, 2012) while what makes Jamaica to differ in sports is its interest in netball and Olympics. Jamaicans have brought many medals home in Olympics and its athletes have great recognition all over the world. Sports played in both countries may differ from each other to some extent but it

Global Warming The cause of human activity Essay

Global Warming The cause of human activity - Essay Example And he was right. This effect is reached due to some atmospheric gases of secondary importance for example, water evaporations and carbonic gas. They leak visible and "near" infrared light, emitted by the sun, but absorb the "far" infrared radiation with lower frequency formed at heating of the earth surface by solar beams. If it did not occur, the Earth would be approximately 30 degrees colder, than now, and life on it would practically stop. ("Global Warming") Recognizing that a "natural" hothouse effect is the settled, balanced process, it is quite logical to assume, that the increase of concentration of "hothouse" gases in an atmosphere should result in strengthening of a hothouse effect which in turn will result in global warming of a climate. Amount of 2 in atmosphere steadily grows for more than century because various kinds of fossil fuel (coal and petroleum) began to be applied widely as a source of energy. Besides as a result of human activity other hothouse gases, for example methane, nitrous oxide, and a lot of chlorine-containing substances also get in an atmosphere. In spite of the fact that they are made in smaller volumes, some of these gases are more dangerous than carbonic gas from the point of view of global warming. ("Global Warming") Now many scientists believe that additional proofs of man's fault in global warming... ("Global Warming") Now many scientists believe that additional proofs of man's fault in global warming will be found out, moreover, human activity is the dominant factor in this process. Nevertheless global warming are caused also by not dependent on people reasons. For example, amplification of solar radiation and sulphatic sparks or aerosols ejected at volcanic eruptions. These emissions on the one hand may create a hothouse effect, and on the other hand they may cool an atmosphere as they reflect sunlight. Influence of human activity is connected, first of all, with the emission of the used industrial gases such as carbonic, holding warm in an atmosphere and the same sulphatic aerosols of industrial, not natural origin. The complex of industrial aerosols and hothouse gases also creates new climatic model. This popular idea in the scientific environment resulted in that scientists now are inclined to evaluate the influence of the person on the climate more critically. Earlier, the warming of a climat e in 20-th century was considered to be mostly caused by the natural reasons not by the activisation of human activity. The group of researchers led by Simon Tatt found out that the increase of average temperature in the beginning of 20-th century could be explained by the increase of solar activity, or a combination of this factor with growth of emission of industrial gases in an atmosphere. But, since the middle of 70th years that is after almost 50-years of temperature rising, the industrial gases creating a hothouse effect are more and more considered to be a principal cause of warming. Many other researchers also came to the same conclusion "Researches of Simon Tatt's group have

Arthur Miller biography Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller biography Essay Arthur Miller was born on 17 October 1915, in New York City. He lived in Harlem until he was fourteen. His Dad was a clothes manufacturer but lost all his money in 1929 when the stock market crashed. Due to the economic depression, which followed, when Miller graduated from high school in 1932 there was no money to send him to university. He worked for two years as shipping clerk, earning money to get him to college. He applied to the University of Michigan in 1934 and graduated from there in 1938. He worked in a Navy Yard while writing for the radio. His first successful stage play was All My Sons which opened in 1947 and later a film was made of it. Following this was the even more successful Death of a Salesman, which opened in 1949. These plays were seen as an attack on capitalism and during the McCarthy era of the 1940s and 1950s there was a lot of hysteria surrounding the spread of communism. Senator Joe McCarthy was very anti-communist and was adamant that any communist activities in America should be stomped out and the perpetrators jailed. Although this seemed a good idea to some, McCarthys policy was you either confess to be a communist, or give names of communists, or you would go to jail. Due to All My Sons and Death of a Salesman being seen as an attack on capitalism, Miller was summoned before the House Un-American Activities Committee that had been in operation since 1938. He was told to confess to signing his name on various petitions that the court had received or he would be jailed. Arthur Miller linked the activities of the Committee to the Salem witchcraft trials in which a few adolescent girls accused people of Salem of witchcraft. If these people did not confess to witchcraft then they would be hanged. From this he was able to write the play, The Crucible. The Crucible is about a young girl named Abigail who is in love with a married man named John Proctor. Abby and some other girls confess to compacting with the devil and are seen as saints as they start naming people who they claim to be witches. Proctor is determined to stop them and he with some others try to oppose authority to uncover the truth. Miller has used John Proctor as metaphor for himself.

Young Goodman Brown Essay -- essays research papers

Young Goodman Brown" tells the tale of a young Puritan man drawn into a covenant with the Devil. Brown's illusions about the goodness of his society are crushed when he discovers that many of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife, are attending a Black Mass. At the end of the story, it is not clear whether Brown's experience was nightmare or reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his loved ones and as a result spends the rest of his life in desperate loneliness and gloom. Guilt vs. Innocence Hawthorne presents Young Goodman Brown's evening of diabolical revelry as the first and last fling with evil the inexperienced young man ever has. Early in the story, Brown says: "after this one nig...

Competitive Profile Matrix Emirates Essay

In order to construct a competitive profile matrix, it is necessary to determine critical success factors in airline industry. These are: strong management, organization of routes, availability of non-stop flights, qualified workforce, in-flight services and service promotions, price competitiveness, effective financial management, cost management. Main competitors of Emirates Airline can be divided into two groups: private airline companies and airline alliances. Key airline alliances posing strong competition to Emirates Airline are SkyTeam, Star Alliance and oneworld (Plunkett, 2011). AirAsia is a private company also presenting a significant competitive threat for Emirates Airline (Plunkett, 2011). It is possible to see that also the competitive performance of Emirates Airlines is above average (2.55) and private companies like AirAsia generally have lower competitive capacity (Graham, Papatheodourou & Forsyth, 2010), all three airline alliances have strong or even close to superior competitive profiles, which means that Emirates Airlines should aim to develop competitive power compared to that of the major alliances.

Why the United States Joined the Space Race

In 1957 Russia set the bar in technological advances against the United States when for the time ever in history Russia sent a spacecraft into orbit. While the Cold War dwindled down and the space race took off the United States felt the pressure. The space race demonstrated the precedence for the United States to take charge against the communist Russia. So with this the United States joined the race to space with President Kennedy pushing is at full force. Kennedy sought out an inspirational goal that would surely motivate the country.The fear that the Soviet Union could launch a missile from anywhere in the world gave Kennedy all the support he needed to join the race. Section I explains why the United States joined the space race using the realism theory; Section II details how the individual level of analysis brought America into space using the realism theory; Section III will qualify the decision making-progress; Section IV will provide a closing to why the United States joine d the space race. Realist Theory on the Space Race The decision of the United States to join the space can be seen through the realist theory.The realism perspective views the nation-state as the most important actor on the world stage. Realist view world politics as an endless repetitive, struggle for power much like the relationship shared between the United States and Russia. After the failure at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba â€Å"Kennedy wanted to link his administration to the dream of reaching the stars. †1 The United States feared that the communist Russia would soon be, if not already, advancing past America not only in technology but also in missilery. Such advances brought â€Å"fear of domestic spying† which â€Å"became a powerful force in the American life in the postwar era. 2 These fears represent the realist perspective as America and Russia struggle for power in the desire to take the world stage. With both country’s uncertainty of the others intent ions the race developed into a constant struggle for a lead as a new decade began. After the launch and safe return of Sputnik I â€Å"the Russians were hailed as leaders of world technology†¦ the initiative had been snatched from America, and the for the first time U. S. leaders were shocked to learn the conquest of outer space was not to be a one-country affair. 3 As a result it became â€Å"increasily important for the United States to salvage whatever pride and prestige it could by placing a satellite into orbit as soon as possible. †4 The realist perspective of the space race instilled a fearsome implication, â€Å"the nation that dominated space could dominate the Earth. †5 Feeling the threat of Russian as they advanced in technology, missilery and international prestige the United States demonstrated the realist theory as they to developed as a nation in order to exceed Russia Individual Level of Analysis in the Space RaceAs the Soviet Union continued to h old the stage in the space race, President Kennedy developed a plan that would surely win the race. President Kennedy asked, â€Å"How can we catch up? There is nothing more important. †6 With these questions in the air Kennedy sought out an inspirational goal to rally the country. On May 25, 1961 Kennedy announced â€Å"the nation’s intention to place a man on the moon before the end of the decade. †7 His plans disagreed with scientist who felt that adding a human to the spacecraft â€Å"was foolish† as it â€Å"diverted money from more important scientific projects in order to carry out what they regarded as a public stunt. 8 Such behavior demonstrated by Kennedy represents the individual level of analysis. The individual level of analysis refers to the personality traits, experiences, and behavior of those responsible for decision-making. President Kennedy felt it necessary to send a human to the moon in order for the â€Å"nation to take a clearly l eading role in space achievement, which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth. †9 For such reason the individual level of analysis supports the realist theory to explain why the United States joined in the space race.Kennedy’s desire to implement the importance of his ideas on the country was done so in the hopes that the United States would be able to surpass Russia and take the led on the world stage once again. The individual level of analysis balances with the realist theory because Kennedy’s goal of a â€Å"manned lunar journey was a goal dramatic enough to capture the world’s attention† eventually leading the United States to end the race, because in July 20, 1961 the first manned mission to the moon was a success. 0 Qualifying the Decision Making-Progress The decision for the United States to join the space race can be seen through the individual level of analysis and the realist theory. The space race put the United States in â€Å"a aggressive position in the race with the Soviets for space dominance. †11 The idea of the liberal theory and constructivist theory do not play a role in the race to space because both countries are not obtaining a mutual gain nor are there any outside organization playing a role in the race to space.It instead reflects the realist theory as the United States attempts to weaken Russian’s place on the work stage by obtaining a new worldwide prestige. The idea of state or systemic level of analysis both feature qualities not demonstrated in the space race. Although the space race can be represented by similar characteristics of the state level of analysis the influences of the Individual level weighs more on the outcome of decisions being made. President Kennedy was committed to supporting a more robust space program than his predecessor, thereby allowing him greater influence over the space mission. 2 His involvement and influential decisions makes the idea of in dividual level of analysis more favorable. Conclusion of the United States Decision to join the Space Race With Russia taking the lead on the world stage in missilery, technology, and prestige, the United States began to develop a new way to compete with the communist country. While the Russians had the upper hand in the race to space President Kennedy came up with an idea that would surely inspire the country and gain back their place on the world stage.With this the United State now had the challenge to place a man on the moon by the end of the decade. The plan demonstrated to Russia that United States was still in the lead as superpower nation. The epic battle between the America and Soviet Union the brought about new fears and development in the use of missiles. By looking at the realist theory and the individual level of analysis the decision to join the space race developed through strong motivations by president Kennedy who wanted the nation to remain at the top of the world stage.Bibliography Cadbury, Deborah. Space Race: the Epic Battle between America and the Soviet Union for Dominion of Space. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. Print. Hardesty, Von, and Gene Eisman. Epic Rivalry: the inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race. Washington, D. C. : National Geographic, 2007. Print. Taylor, L. B. Lift Off! : the Story of America's Spaceport. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1968. Print. Watts, Franklin. U. S. and Soviet Space Program. USA: David E. Newton, 1988. Print. â€Å"The Decision to Go to the Moon. † Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI). Web. 26 Oct. 2010. .

In Search of a 4-Dot Ellipsis

In Search of a 4-Dot Ellipsis In Search of a 4-Dot Ellipsis In Search of a 4-Dot Ellipsis By Maeve Maddox Reader Vic Shane writes: my editor told me there is a four-dot ellipsis that is not the same thing as the three-dot version. When I went to Journalism school (32 years ago), we only had the three-dot variety, as far as I know. The extra dot came from somewhere and Id like to get to the bottom of it. I wont rest until I know why that dot is floating around in the ethers looking for a sentence! Strictly speaking, theres no such thing as a 4-dot ellipsis. Omission of material in a quotation is indicated by three dots. When a fourth dot appears, it indicates that the omitted material included at least one sentence. The Chicago Manual of Style describes the use of the ellipsis at great length, referring to the three dot, four dot, and rigorous methods (11.51 ff). Spaces or no spaces? Not all style guides agree as to whether or not the dots in the ellipsis should have spaces between them. Chicago Manual of Style An ellipsis- the omission of a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted passage- is indicated by ellipsis points (or dots), not by asterisks. Ellipsis points are three spaced periods (. . .), sometimes preceded or followed by other punctuation. They must always appear together on the same line, but any preceding punctuation may appear at the end of the line above (see also 11.64). MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers For an ellipsis within a sentence, use three periods with a space before each and a space after the last ( . . . ). Merriam-Webster distinguishes between ellipsis marks [ ] and suspension points [ . . . ]. According to the Wikipedia article on ellipsis, In legal writing in the United States, Rule 5.3 in the Bluebook citation guide governs the use of ellipses and requires a space before the first dot and between the two subsequent dots. If an ellipsis ends the sentence, then there are three dots, each separated by a space, followed by the final punctuation. AP style, on the other hand, leaves out the spaces ( †¦ ). Ellipsis and unfinished thought When a speaker trails off, leaving a sentence unfinished, three dots are used: I never meant . . . When a quotation ends with an ellipsis CMS When three [dots] are used, space occurs both before the first dot and after the final dot. When four are used, the first dot is a true period- that is, there is no space between it and the preceding word. MLA When the ellipsis coincides with the end of your sentence, use three periods with a space before each following a sentence periodthat is, four periods, with no space before the first or after the last. Illustration Here is an illustration of the use of ellipsis points to indicate 1) omission of words in a sentence; 2) omission of an entire sentence, and 3) ending the quotation with an ellipsis. Original Passage One further habit which was somewhat weakened, although by no means broken, was that of combining native words into self-interpreting compounds. The extent to which words like bookhouse or boatswain entered into Old English has been pointed out above. The practice was not abandoned in Middle English but in many cases where a new word could have been easily formed on the native model, a ready-made French word was borrowed instead. Baugh, A History of the English Language (221). Abridgment One further habit which was somewhat weakened . . . was that of combining words into self-interpreting compounds. . . . The practice was not abandoned. . . . The web abounds with discussions of the ellipsis. Here are some links. The Elusive Ellipsis (DWT) Kent Law writing guidelines Wikipedia article Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and Expressions35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionFew vs. Several

Individual project 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual project 4 - Essay Example Organizational structures or models can be described as the ways through which a particular organization organizes the workforce and duties or tasks so as to remain functional thus attains her set goals. The application of the business models is dependent on the size of the work group and the size of the organization. In small organization characterized with small work groups the models are not pallid, however, in large organization the use of these structures is a must due to the existence of varied task delegations. Factors such as business employee size, revenue, geographical dispersion and the range of the business are the one's determinants of a business structure. This paper describes the various types of business models that are commonly applied by the international businesses, the reasons for their application, advantages and disadvantages of each business model. The company on which the paper lays focus on is Coca-cola, a beverage manufacturing company worldwide. Thesis Stat ement For gaining competitive advantage in the global arena organization are sourcing for talent, goods and services from other organizations. ... Each of them is described below. Global Product model Global product or product development refers to means used by an organization in maximizing her financial and operational productivity of the process itself. According to PTC white paper it involves spreading of product development activities in various regions worldwide in order to improve on the value-added cost. These activities run from marketing activities to activities such as design, analysis and new idea generation. A large and diversified company like Cadbury is organized according to the products. Here, all activities pertaining production and marketing of a product or groups of the same product are put in the same group where the top most manager of the product group is bestowed with autonomy over the operation. This means that all the personnel in the group have ample time to fully attend to their particular product line needs, hence, expertise in the line’s development, production and distribution. In an effort to safeguard the process from unnecessary disruption the Cadbury allow for evolution of different units or product lines moving from one level to another towards global market distribution and finding balance between cost and added value. At level 1 there is no product development activity distribution, at level 2 some elements of product distribution is achieved but no strategy, at level 3 strategies for global product distributing are put in place with discrete supportive activities. At the fourth level the company out aggression identifies the particular sets and accompanied responsibilities to offshore Markets. Cadbury Egypt does the same for her chocolate bars by producing then sending

Leadership and Change management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership and Change management - Essay Example An effective form of leadership can be recognized as one of the chief determinants for an organization to attain competitive position in the fiercely growing business market (Andriopoulos and Dawson 197-199). The report aims to demonstrate the fundamental concept of leadership and its major significance in organizational success or failure. With regard to proactively recognize the roles and importance of leadership, the discussion of this project report enables to understand the leadership styles and functions of Jeff Bezos, the founder and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Amazon.com, Inc. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW With regard to the study of Collins (2002), certain crucial factors like increased level of internationalization along with globalization and prevalence of extreme business market competition denote the emerging need of performing effective leadership practices within an organization. These effectual leadership practices can encourage the employees to perform better than th e existing efforts perform by them. Moreover, the practices help in enhancing the empowerment skills of every organizational member and generating new ideas in the workplace, resulting in accomplishing predetermined business targets of the organizations (Collins, â€Å"The Effectiveness of Managerial Leadership Development Programs: A Meta-Analysis of Studies from 1982-2001†). ... k of the recent activities and (3) learning about the challenges of working responsibility that occurs during the development level of leadership in an organization. Relating to this significant concern, the above discussed methods clearly define the selection of appropriate individuals as leaders who possess the ability to endure the indistinctness, relativity of knowledge along with the possessiveness of determining and continuing to learn innovative methods of working tasks (McCauley, â€Å"Leader Development: A Review of Research†). 3. COMPANY HISTORY Amazon is regarded as one of the foremost and renowned online retailers, which deals in selling various sorts of products over the web (internet). The company was founded by Jeff Bezos in the year 1994 and started its e-commerce business in the year 1995. With the rapid pace of technological developments along with the fiercely growing online business market, the organization has been recognized to develop its brand position through developing quality products or services to the global clients through online. Currently, the organization tends to offer a huge collection of products or services that include books, electronic goods, computer parts and accessories along with clothing and furniture items to the global customers over the medium of internet (Krishnamurthy, â€Å"Amazon.Com - A Business History†). 4. HISTORY OF THE FOUNDER Jeffrey P. Bezos (Jeff Bezos) is viewed to be a highly renowned name in the global online retailing business industry. The leader became much popular for his exceptional leadership skills that eventually made Amazon to become one of the successful and giant online stores in the respective business industry. Relating to the earliest days of Bezos, the leader graduated from Princeton University

Decision Making Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision Making - Case Study Example Dave finds himself worked up in relation to meeting the deadline of making a computer software. The problem results in Dave’s departmental chaos as well as crippling of the finance department. As much as the staff met the deadline, the process caused problems to the performance of the firm as a whole. The relevance of the decision-making steps in this work is, therefore, to give an insight into the best approaches to managing stressful situations. The first step in decision-making is to identify the problem or opportunity (Marrelli, Massimo and Giacomo 23). For instance, in the case study, Alex took the time to realize that there was a problem in Dave’s department because of their crash programs in meeting deadline. From the case study, the primary problem was the fact that Dave and his department’s predicaments caused a standstill in the operations of the finance department. There was also the risk that the company faced possible failures in the delivery of their product to its client. The third problem was the fact that Dave’s department struggled too much to meet the expected deadline when they had had the whole week to work comfortably. The second step in the process is to gather all the relevant information from the case. For this case, such a move is essential in determining the relevance of the likely decision to the case. It gives the decision-makers a chance to know what is relevant to the decision they want to make and to determine who else can help in solving it. In the case study, Alex took the time studying Dave’s behavior and took him out for coffee during which he learned critical aspects of his predicament. Next, it is necessary to analyze the situation, which will give the decision-maker a chance to learn the probable causes of the condition. There is also the need that the concerned parties weigh the possibilities of their decision on the

Mens Cosmetic Market Essay Example for Free

Mens Cosmetic Market Essay The definition of a niche market is that the product interests just a few people. The target is represented by a limited segment and, in order for the market to be profitable, only one or two companies can be positioned on this specialized segment. In the market of hygiene and beauty for men, and especially in the cosmetics, the offer has been ignored by the cosmetics brand for a long time. In fact, until the end of the 1990s, beauty products for men were almost non-existent on the market. They did not have a special space the stores and the men strictly used products in a utilitarian aspect. This market has interested just a few brands because it was considered as a niche. Only the group L’Oreal had the courage to launch itself in this segment in 1985 with Biotherm Homme. This brand is considered like a pioneer in the men’s’ cosmetics. In fact, Biotherm was almost alone for more than 15 years, and it is the first one which dares to proclaim that men also need to take care of themselves, to clean their skin, combining the pleasure and the wellness by usingcreams, lotions, even anti-wrinkle creams. In the 90s, Nickel, an exclusive brand for men, launched an offensive by creating masculine beauty institutes. Then, in 1996, it launched its own line for men only. In fact, thanks to the succeed of its institutes, the brand noticed an real capacity and opportunity in this market. This new brand bound to men only knew how to enter in this market, thanks to its concept composed by different offers: one on the products, and the other one on the performance of services. But, the real revolution occurred in 2001 with the arrival of Vichy for men and Clarins in 2002. A lot of brands begin to be seriously interested in this growing segment and real competition appears. A new potential is detected by the big cosmetologist firms. †¢ The â€Å"masculinity of the women’s products It is important to consider the cosmetics’ world in two distinct parts; the market for the men and the one for the women. Even if there are not big distinctions between the products, those two markets are quite different. In fact, the men have not the same demand concerning the product. That is why the offer cannot be the same for both. The ideal product for most men must have some properties and qualities such as being invisible, fast, pleasant to put, easy to use, without smells and with an efficient result. Thus, men are not searching for a feminine product, otherwise, they will continue to use their wife’s ones. They really look for a product adapted to them and to their needs and wants. Moreover, the demand is different from the women: They (the women) like to use make up, take care of their body and their face by putting moisturizing cream on it†¦ Men have not already surpassed the taboos of the society, and, moreover, they do not like to â€Å"spread† cream on their body. That is why they will be more attracted by products for shaving, for hairs. But this current demand will probably change in the next years. The strength of Nickel was to propose from the beginning a technique and know-how studied specially for men. For instance, in his institutes, the technique for depilation was specially adapted for them. Moreover, in order to stay in â€Å"a masculine tonality†, the brand gave names with a masculine connotation that do not make the men â€Å"guilty†, such as â€Å"torse de boxeur† (boxer chest) or â€Å"jambes de cyclistes† (biker legs). 1. 1. 2. Changes in the men cosmetics’ market Blossoming (rapid development) of cosmetics for men As it was said before, the market of cosmetics, at the beginning, interested just a few brands and also, few men. Initially, this world is attributed to women only. In fact, cosmetology is synonymous of seduction, beauty, healthiness, or pleasure. Those words represent what the women are looking for when it comes to cosmetics. But, finally, the market of men cosmetics takes off after years of waiting thanks to different changes: mentalities of the new masculine generation, appearance of â€Å"metrosexual†, social liberalization of homosexual, and the fact that men want to stay young. The relationship between men and cosmetic products has changed and nowadays, they admit the fact that they also look for pleasure and wellness by using cosmetics. Bit by bit, firms pass over some barriers that men did not think they could transcend: make the men taking care of their skin, then, make them epilating and after, everything follows and continues to change. Make-up, Spa centres, beauty institutes, anti-wrinkles cream, hair cares†¦ â€Å"Their interest for their appearance expresses in their point: thus, they are 64,6% to take care of their skin, 73,8% to attach importance to their hair, and 31,8% like trying novelties. In addition, 38,7% states they devote time to take care of themselves. Those figures are clearly higher for the men under than25 years old and decrease gradually with the age†. All begins in 1985 when Biotherm launched Biotherm Homme, a line specially dedicated to men use. But, the market really took off in 2001 with the appearance of many brands interested in that specific market such as Nivea for Men, Klorane, Vichy Homme, Nickel, Phytomer, Clarins Men. Many lines and brands still appear on this market. It is in constant growth since its apparition and above all since 2001. This market is bound to be successful for both top-of-range and mass distribution. †¢ Opportunities of the market The advantages of this market are real since it is accessible and opened on the growth. In fact, forecasts are optimistic but the results are above the foretold success. For instance, Clarins Men reached 170% of its objectives in 2002 18 by the fact that the average number of products bought by the men is higher that the women’s one. According to Christian Courtin from Clarins, men buy â€Å"well beyond their forecast, men buy on average 4 products, against only two for women. Another example is Biotherm Homme, the pioneer: its line counts 45 products. Between 1997 and 2002, this brand knew a growth of more than 250%. It is true that the purchase from the men reaches unhoped-for proportions, but a demand without attracting cannot be a balanced market. This is why many brands of hygiene-beauty specialized in the female market launch a reserved range for the men in order to benefit from a market less encumbered, of a stronger growth, evolution of mentalities and to create a place in this market before being lagging behind. Indeed, some firms benefit from advantages before even catapulting themselves in the masculine care, because while being already present for the women, they enjoy a good reputation, therefore of a true credibility, an image of specialist and financial means the consequent ones. The arrival in force of the interest for the male world does not reach only the beauty care. The readers express a real passion for the male press, which arranges the market because, thanks to this mean of communication, it makes them known. Whether it be Maximal, Men’s Health, New look, or even Mr. Magazine, they approach each subject having attracted with the beauty. Men’s cosmetics amount to 50% (one in every two men), whereas nowadays, it is just 21% and in 1994, it was just 4% of men who stated they used regularly face care products 1. 2. THE MARKET IN FACTS 1. 2. 1. The global cosmetics’ market: The market of men cosmetic is absolutely not the rival of the women market because it represents only the fortieth 24 of the feminine cosmetology. But, in spite of its modest size, this market is bound to a continuous and fast growth, which is a sizeable advantage. According to the French newspaper â€Å"le Monde†, the trends are not so optimistic for the manufacturers of cosmetics. In fact, in Europe, the market of cosmetics in general is about 59,47 billion euros according to the European Association of the companies of hygienebeauty- perfumery (Colipa) and it presents a growth of the sales modestly positive (+ 2% in 2004, against + 3,5% in 2003). Those sales even start to regress in Germany and France, the two biggest European markets. If the women still buy as many hair or skin care products, the purchases of perfumes, and more generally of make-up (nail varnishes, for example) decrease. The main reason seems to be probably the price. 1. 2. 2. The European market of men’s cosmetics 2013: It has been a somewhat mixed year for the men’s lines market across the Big 5 wih some ups and downs. Male grooming continues to be a market that on the whole, is growing. But that is not to say the category hasn’t been affected by the credit crunch – a crisis Europe is only now making proper strides out of France As all the group members are French, and because this market is quite representative about what is happening through all Western Europe, it is interesting to present the facts and figures for the French market. The French industry of cosmetics is an industry which â€Å"draws† the growth: In 2006, French cosmetic industry saw its sales progressing for the fortieth consecutive year. The sales turnover is divided harmoniously between exports (57%) and the sales in France (43%). For 2006, cosmetic industry grew of 3,5% which is half more quickly than the national economy. The French market for men’s cosmetics follows the world tendency. The total sales turnover (produced care, of beauty and perfumes for men) progressed of almost 140% between 1998 and 2003, to 42,16 million euros, according to statistics of the federation of industries of perfumery (FIP). For the only products of care and beauty, the progression is 294%, with 21,37 million. Products for men, account for 10,3% of the total French market of the cosmetic, but 25% of the sales of perfumes. 2013: In France figures from SymphonyIRI France revealed that male grooming fell by 0. 2% over the past year in value terms, with volume figures slumping by a worrying 1. 8%. The male grooming market in France is now worth â‚ ¬934. 6m, while volume sales came in at 195. 05m units. Natural products have always been popular with French men and the past year was no exception. Germany  In Germany things were a bit brighter for the male grooming market, which saw growth of 4. 2% over the past year in value terms to total â‚ ¬538. 61m, according to SymphonyIRI Germany. Volume figures were also positive up 3. 2% to 265. 36m units. All areas saw a growth in value sales – men’s shower products put on 1. 6% to make â‚ ¬122. 84m, while men’s deodorant products rose 4. 5% to â‚ ¬140. 62m and men’s facial skin care products increased a massive 13. 5% to â‚ ¬1. 89m. Italy  Male grooming in Italy experienced a disappointing turn of events over the past year as value sales slid by 3%, according to industry body Unipro. All sectors saw a decline in sales with a 1. 7% drop in male soaps, shaving foams and gels; a 3. 7% decline in aftershave products; and a 4. 4% decline in treatment creams. Although the figures for the past year do not seem to suggest it, Italian men are famously into their beauty products and L’Oreal Italy predominantly monopolised launches in this category. Spain  More bad news was in store for Spain, where male grooming fell by a worrying 5. 69% in value terms to â‚ ¬312m and 4% in volume terms to 45. 2m units, according to SymphonyIRI Spain. In terms of what each individual sub-sector was worth, razors accounted for the lion’s share of this, at â‚ ¬203. 1m; shaving foams, creams and gels made â‚ ¬43. 5m; pre-shave treatments and aftershaves were worth â‚ ¬30. 1m; while facial treatments accounted for â‚ ¬35. 3m worth of sales. The recent gloomy environment, however, does not seem to have deterred brands from new product development as quite a few new launches for men hit Spanish shelves over the last year. UK  Fortunately it has not been all doom and gloom in the UK over the past year – the market here put on 2. % in the past year to make ? 782. 74m in value terms, according to Kantar Worldpanel. Volume also inched up by 0. 8% to 345. 15m units. All sub-sectors saw good growth including fragrances up 11. 9% and hairdressing products up 9. 8%. A slew of new launches hit shelves including those from supermarket giant Tesco, salon range Bed Head and a number of British niche brands. 2. 2. 2. THE MARKET ACTORS Men cosmetics’ market is still in a structuring phase. Nevertheless, 3 kinds of actors are appearing: †¢ Cosmetics industry leaders These actors are the most powerful in the market. They all have important financial and organisational ways to impose their products in the male market. They pursue a roll-over strategy close to the one used since a long time in the female market. Among the leaders: Beiersdorf with Nivea for Men, Clarins with Clarins Men, Estee Lauder with Aramis and Clinique, L’Oreal with Biotherm, Vichy, L’Oreal Paris and Lancome, and Shisheido with Shisheido, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Decleor. To keep their ranks, the leaders are now compelled to spread their product ranges to stay in the competition. Care universe actors Some brands benefit of a strong credibility thanks to the care market. This market has several advantages in the distribution network pharmacies, institutes, spas thanks to their support. Actually, these actors take advantage of the know-how and the credibility which characterize care and pharmaceutical world, and could get a determinant rank in the market. Brands and laboratories to know are for instance Pierre Fab re with Klorane, Sanofi-Aventis with Lipofactor, Phytomer and Decleor. †¢ Independent cosmetics’ makers They strongly stimulate the market by adapting their offer to men, but their diffusion stay confidential. To become strong, this group needs distributors to give visibility to beauty for men through specific spaces or special concepts. Independent makers have to use particular ways and specific concepts to introduce the market because they do not have the power of the market current players. Examples of independent makers are The Body Shop or Nickel. 2. 2. 3. Competition analysis †¢ New entrants threat Cosmetics sector is a very competitive one where in which are many brakes. Indeed, companies have to think about rules, high investments’ level, and scale economies. Innovation should be a primacy objective. However, research amp; development and communication costs are very high, and all companies can not invest heavily. This is of course not the case of firms such as L’Oreal, Nivea and Clarins, which already have a past fame very important. Thanks to this successful past, it would be hard for new entrants to find some place in the market. †¢ Substitutes threat Substitutes are not a real threat in cosmetics’ market. Yet, men use more and more aesthetic surgery. Actually, a patient on ten is a man. Today, men better assume their beauty’s envy. Most of men do not like going to buy beauty products. That is why they borrow them to their partners, who have, moreover, an adviser role. Finally, the distributors’ brands can be a threat. The market shares of these brands is growing more and more. Nevertheless, male products in supermarkets are often just shaving products and deodorants. †¢ Suppliers’ power Suppliers’ power seems to be light as well. Without big brands, suppliers and conditionment factories could not live. It is still important to keep good contacts with suppliers, especially those which have rare raw materials. †¢ Customers’ power A company has always to maintain its sustainable advantage by creating original products, adapted to the market targets. It is difficult to attract man’s attention since he is maybe not used to buy cosmetic products. So it is necessary to know and to analyse his needs and wants, and to succeed to satisfy him: a satisfied man is a loyal consumer for a long time.

Effect of Superstition on the Perception of Control

Effect of Superstition on the Perception of Control The Effect of Superstition on the Perception of Control over a Partially Uncontrollable Situation The effects of superstition on the an individuals behaviour has long been an area of interest in psychological research. Matute (1994, 1995) showed that an individuals response to uncontrollable circumstances is dictated by their level of superstition. Individuals with low levels of superstitious belief tend to show a decrease in cognitive capacity motivation, known as learned helplessness (Abramson, Seligman, Teasdale, 1978; Hiroto Seligman, 1975). Whilst individuals with high levels of superstitious belief, on the other hand, do not appear to develop this learned helpless, and it has been hypothesised superstitions provide an individual with an illusion of control (Matute 1994, 1995). Likewise, Dudley (1999) suggested that superstitious beliefs inhibit the learned helplessness effect by provided participants with an external locus of control. Conversely, it has been suggested that there may be other factors which inhibit the learned helplessness effect, such as attribution style (Abramson et at., 1978). Seligman (as cited in Rudski, 2004), conducted an experiment which showed that individual who formed particularly pessimistic attributions were susceptible to learned helplessness, in addition to depression. Furthermore, many studies which investigate superstitious belief the illusion of control do so by utilising judgements of contingency from the participant. Contingency judgements are useful as they help to explain how the illusion of control develops in participants (Yarritu, Matute, Vadillo, 2013). Blanco, Matute Vadillo (2011) showed that a participants contingency judgement is dependant on their level of action. It has been suggested, that the this combination with this level of action effect, and the high probability of a specific outcome, even when that outcome is uncontrollable, is what caused the participant to develop the illusion of control (Yarritu et at., 2013). This study aims to build on pre-existing research by investigating whether an individuals perception of control over a partially uncontrollable situation is impacted by their level of superstitious belief. To do this, participants were asked to perform a contingency judgement task, the results of which were then compared in relation to their level of superstition. It is hypothesised, firstly, that individuals with higher levels of superstition will report having higher levels of control in the active condition, when compared to individuals with low superstition and secondly, that this effect will be less apparent in the passive condition. Method Participants The participants were 996 undergraduate psychology students from the University of New South Wales (mean age = 19.8 years; 644 females: 352 males). They participated in this experiment as part of their week 5 tutorial class. Design This study took the form of a quasi-experiment, as it assessed the participants perception of control over a partially controllable situation, in relation to their level of superstition. As such, the independent variable, high or low superstition, was determined by the Superstitious Beliefs Questionnaires (SBQ). Participants were divided into the high superstition and low superstition groups based on a median split of the SBQ score. Based on the responses given, 492 participants (mean age = 19.7 years; 320 females: 172 males) were allocated to the high superstition group, whilst the remaining 504 participants (mean age = 19.9 years; 324 females: 180 males) formed the low superstition group. This experiment then tested two conditions, dubbed the active and the passive condition. The dependent variable, that is, the participants perception of control, was then measured, by self-report. Materials The experiment was carried out on standard computer terminals in one of the universitys computer labs. Inquisit software (Millisecond Software, Seattle) was used to present the experimental stimuli. In the active condition, participants were presented with a light bulb graphic button. Participants could choose whether or not to press the button, and the light bulb would either light up, or remain off as a result of their decision. As a result, there were four categories of trial: press with light, press without light, no-press with light and no-press without light. After 10 trials participants were asked to rate how much control they felt they had over the light bulb. In the passive condition, participants were only presented with a light bulb graphic, and informed that they would observe an imaginary friend, Bob, perform the task. As in the active condition, there were four categories of trial, and after 10 trials, participants were asked to rate the level of control they perceived Bob had over the light bulb. Participants completed the Superstitious Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ), a demographic survey, and were asked if they were aware of the experiments design. The SBQ is a 26 item scale, designed to measure the level of superstitious belief in an individual. Each item of the SBQ can be scored from 0 up to 4, making a maximum score of 104 points possible. Participants who scored less than or equal to 46 on the SBQ were placed in the low superstition group, whilst those who scored above 46 were placed in the high superstition group. Procedure The participants were asked to complete a contingency judgement task, in two conditions. Each condition consisted of four sets of 10 trials. In the active condition, participants were instructed to choose between pressing or not pressing a button on the screen. This action or inaction then lead to a light bulb on the screen being illuminated. After 10 trials of this, participants were asked to rate how much control they had over the light bulb, using a sliding scale displayed on the screen. In the passive condition, participants were informed that they would observe an imaginary friend performing the task. The participants were able to observe the outcome (whether the light turned on or remained off) and were informed of the imaginary friend action (pressing or not pressing the button). Participants were again asked to rate how much control the imaginary friend had over the light bulb. References Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(1), 49–74. Blanco, F., Matute, H., Vadillo, M. A. (2011). Making the uncontrollable seem controllable: The role of action in the illusion of control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(7), 1290–1304. Dudley, R. (1999). The effect of superstitious belief on performance following an unsolvable problem. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(6), 1057–1064 Hiroto, D. S., Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Generality of learned helplessness in man. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(2), 311-327. Matute, H. (1994). Learned helplessness and superstitious behavior as opposite effects of uncontrollable reinforcement in humans. Learning and Motivation, 25(2), 216-232. Matute, H. (1995). Human reactions to uncontrollable outcomes: Further evidence for superstitions rather than helplessness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48B, 142–157. Rudski, J. (2004). The illusion of control, superstitious belief, and optimism. Current Psychology, 22(4), 306-315. Yarritu, I. Matute, H. Vadillo, M.A. (2013). Illusion of control: The role of personal involvement. Experimental Psychology, 61(1), 38–47.